Meyer Eric, Weyl Estelle / Мейер Эрик, Вейль Эстель - CSS: The Definitive Guide, 5th Edition / CSS: полное руководство, 5-е издание [2023, PDF, ENG]

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Preface xix
1. CSS Fundamentals 1
A Brief History of (Web) Style 1
Stylesheet Contents 2
Rule Structure 2
Vendor Prefixing 3
Whitespace Handling 4
CSS Comments 5
Markup 6
Elements 7
Replaced and Nonreplaced Elements 7
Element Display Roles 7
Bringing CSS and HTML Together 11
The Tag 12
The Element 16
The @import Directive 16
HTTP Linking 18
Inline Styles 19
Summary 19
2. Selectors 21
Basic Style Rules 21
Type Selectors 22
Grouping 23
Grouping Selectors 23
Grouping Declarations 24
Grouping Everything 25
Class and ID Selectors 27
Class Selectors 28
Multiple Classes 30
ID Selectors 32
Deciding Between Class and ID 33
Attribute Selectors 34
Simple Attribute Selectors 34
Selection Based on Exact Attribute Value 35
Selection Based on Partial Attribute Values 37
The Case-Insensitivity Identifier 42
Using Document Structure 42
Understanding the Parent-Child Relationship 43
Defining Descendant Selectors 45
Selecting Children 47
Selecting Adjacent-Sibling Elements 48
Selecting Following Siblings 50
Summary 51
3. Pseudo-Class and -Element Selectors 53
Pseudo-Class Selectors 53
Combining Pseudo-Classes 54
Structural Pseudo-Classes 54
Location Pseudo-Classes 68
User Action Pseudo-Classes 74
UI-State Pseudo-Classes 77
The :lang() and :dir() Pseudo-Classes 83
Logical Pseudo-Classes 84
The :has() Pseudo-Class 89
Other Pseudo-Classes 94
Pseudo-Element Selectors 95
Styling the First Letter 95
Styling the First Line 96
Restrictions on ::first-letter and ::first-line 97
The Placeholder Text Pseudo-Element 97
The Form Button Pseudo-Element 98
Generating Content Before and After Elements 98
Highlight Pseudo-Elements 99
The Backdrop Pseudo-Element 101
The Video-Cue Pseudo-Element 102
Shadow Pseudo-Classes and -Elements 103
Shadow Pseudo-Classes 103
Shadow Pseudo-Elements 104
Summary 105
4. Specificity, Inheritance, and the Cascade 107
Specificity 107
Declarations and Specificity 109
Resolving Multiple Matches 111
Zeroed Selector Specificity 111
ID and Attribute Selector Specificity 112
Importance 112
Inheritance 113
The Cascade 116
Sorting by Importance and Origin 118
Sorting by Element Attachment 119
Sorting by Cascade Layer 119
Sorting by Specificity 123
Sorting by Order 123
Working with Non-CSS Presentational Hints 126
Summary 126
5. Values and Units 127
Keywords, Strings, and Other Text Values 127
Keywords 127
The all Property 130
Strings 131
Identifiers 132
URLs 132
Images 134
Numbers and Percentages 134
Integers 135
Numbers 135
Percentages 135
Fractions 136
Distances 136
Absolute Length Units 136
Resolution Units 139
Relative Length Units 139
Root-Relative Length Units 142
Viewport-Relative Units 144
Function Values 146
Calculation Values 148
Maximum Values 149
Minimum Values 150
Clamping Values 150
Attribute Values 151
Color 151
Named Colors 152
Color Keywords 153
Colors by RGB and RGBa 153
HSL and HSLa Colors 158
Colors with HWB 159
Lab Colors 160
LCH Colors 161
Oklab and Oklch 162
Using color() 162
Applying Color 163
Affecting Form Elements 165
Inheriting Color 165
Angles 166
Time and Frequency 167
Ratios 167
Position 168
Custom Properties 168
Custom Property Fallbacks 171
Summary 172
6. Basic Visual Formatting 173
Basic Boxes 173
A Quick Primer 174
The Containing Block 175
Altering Element Display 176
Changing Roles 177
Handling Block Boxes 179
Logical Element Sizing 181
Content-Based Sizing Values 183
Minimum and Maximum Logical Sizing 185
Height and Width 186
Altering Box Sizing 189
Block-Axis Properties 190
Auto Block Sizing 191
Percentage Heights 192
Handling Content Overflow 193
Negative Margins and Collapsing 195
Collapsing Block-Axis Margins 196
Inline-Axis Formatting 200
Inline-Axis Properties 201
Using auto 202
Negative Margins 205
Percentages 207
Replaced Elements 208
List Items 209
Box Sizing with Aspect Ratios 209
Inline Formatting 210
Line Layout 211
Basic Terms and Concepts 212
Line Heights 215
Inline Nonreplaced Elements 215
Building the Boxes 216
Setting Vertical Alignment 218
Managing the Line Height 220
Adding Box Properties to Nonreplaced Elements 223
Changing Breaking Behavior 224
Glyphs Versus Content Area 225
Inline Replaced Elements 226
Adding Box Properties to Replaced Elements 227
Replaced Elements and the Baseline 228
Inline-Block Elements 229
Flow Display 231
Content Display 232
Other Display Values 233
Element Visibility 233
Animating Visibility 234
Summary 235
7. Padding, Borders, Outlines, and Margins 237
Basic Element Boxes 237
Padding 238
Replicating Values 240
Single-Side Padding 242
Logical Padding 243
Percentage Values and Padding 245
Padding and Inline Elements 247
Padding and Replaced Elements 249
Borders 250
Borders with Style 251
Border Widths 256
Border Colors 260
Single-Side Shorthand Border Properties 263
Global Borders 265
Borders and Inline Elements 266
Rounding Border Corners 267
Image Borders 276
Outlines 293
Outline Styles 294
Outline Width 295
Outline Color 296
How They Are Different 297
Margins 299
Length Values and Margins 300
Percentages and Margins 301
Single-Side Margin Properties 302
Margin Collapsing 303
Negative Margins 305
Margins and Inline Elements 306
Summary 308
8. Backgrounds 309
Setting Background Colors 309
Explicitly Setting a Transparent Background 310
Background and Color Combinations 311
Clipping the Background 313
Working with Background Images 315
Using an Image 316
Understanding Why Backgrounds Aren’t Inherited 317
Following Good Background Practices 318
Positioning Background Images 319
Background Repeating (or Lack Thereof) 330
Getting Attached 339
Sizing Background Images 343
Bringing It All Together 350
Working with Multiple Backgrounds 352
Using the Background Shorthand 356
Creating Box Shadows 357
Summary 360
9. Gradients 361
Linear Gradients 362
Setting Gradient Colors 363
Positioning Color Stops 364
Setting Color Hints 369
Understanding Gradient Lines: The Gory Details 371
Repeating Linear Gradients 376
Radial Gradients 379
Setting Shape and Size 380
Positioning Radial Gradients 382
Using Radial Color Stops and the Gradient Ray 383
Handling Degenerate Cases 388
Repeating Radial Gradients 391
Conic Gradients 392
Creating Conic Color Stops 395
Repeating Conic Gradients 397
Manipulating Gradient Images 399
Creating Special Effects 400
Triggering Average Gradient Colors 401
Summary 402
10. Floating and Positioning 403
Floating 403
Floated Elements 404
Floating: The Details 406
Applied Behavior 413
Floats, Content, and Overlapping 417
Clearing 418
Positioning 422
Types of Positioning 422
The Containing Block 424
Offset Properties 424
Inset Shorthands 427
Setting Width and Height 428
Limiting Width and Height 430
Absolute Positioning 432
Containing Blocks and Absolutely Positioned Elements 432
Placement and Sizing of Absolutely Positioned Elements 435
Auto-edges 436
Placing and Sizing Nonreplaced Elements 437
Placing and Sizing Replaced Elements 441
Placement on the Z-Axis 444
Fixed Positioning 449
Relative Positioning 450
Sticky Positioning 452
Summary 456
11. Flexible Box Layout 457
Flexbox Fundamentals 457
A Simple Example 459
Flex Containers 462
Using the flex-direction Property 462
Working with Other Writing Directions 467
Wrapping Flex Lines 468
Defining Flexible Flows 470
Understanding Axes 471
Arrangement of Flex Items 474
Flex Item Alignment 475
Justifying Content 475
Aligning Items 482
Aligning Flex Lines 489
Using the place-content Property 493
Opening Gaps Between Flex Items 494
Flex Items 498
What Are Flex Items? 498
Flex Item Features 500
Absolute Positioning 501
Minimum Widths 502
Flex-Item-Specific Properties 503
The flex Property 503
The flex-grow Property 505
Growth Factors and the flex Property 508
The flex-shrink Property 512
The flex-basis Property 522
The flex Shorthand 535
The order Property 541
Tabbed Navigation Revisited 544
Summary 546
12. Grid Layout 547
Creating a Grid Container 547
Understanding Basic Grid Terminology 549
Creating Grid Lines 552
Using Fixed-Width Grid Tracks 554
Using Flexible Grid Tracks 558
Fitting Track Contents 565
Repeating Grid Tracks 567
Defining Grid Areas 571
Placing Elements in the Grid 577
Using Column and Row Lines 577
Using Row and Column Shorthands 582
Working with Implicit Grid 584
Handling Errors 587
Using Areas 588
Understanding Grid-Item Overlap 590
Specifying Grid Flow 591
Defining Automatic Grid Tracks 597
Using the grid Shorthand 599
Using Subgrids 602
Defining Explicit Tracks 605
Dealing with Offsets 605
Naming Subgridded Lines 610
Giving Subgrids Their Own Gaps 612
Grid Items and the Box Model 613
Setting Alignment in Grids 618
Aligning and Justifying Individual Items 619
Aligning and Justifying All Items 621
Distributing Grid Items and Tracks 624
Layering and Ordering 626
Summary 628
13. Table Layout in CSS 629
Table Formatting 629
Visually Arranging a Table 629
Table Arrangement Rules 630
Setting Table Display Values 631
Inserting Anonymous Table Objects 635
Working with Table Layers 639
Using Captions 641
Table Cell Borders 642
Separated Cell Borders 643
Collapsed Cell Borders 646
Table Sizing 650
Width 650
Height 656
Alignment 657
Summary 660
14. Fonts 661
Font Families 661
Using Generic Font Families 663
Using Quotation Marks 665
Using Custom Fonts 666
Using Font-Face Descriptors 667
Restricting Character Range 673
Working with Font Display 675
Combining Descriptors 677
Font Weights 680
How Weights Work 682
The font-weight Descriptor 685
Font Size 686
Using Absolute Sizes 687
Using Relative Sizes 689
Setting Sizes as Percentages 690
Automatically Adjusting Size 691
Font Style 695
The font-style Descriptor 697
Font Stretching 698
The font-stretch Descriptor 700
Font Synthesis 702
Font Variants 703
Capital Font Variants 705
Numeric Font Variants 707
Ligature Variants 709
Alternate Variants 711
East Asian Font Variants 713
Font Variant Position 713
Font Feature Settings 714
The font-feature-settings Descriptor 717
Font Variation Settings 718
Font Optical Sizing 719
Override Descriptors 720
Font Kerning 721
The font Property 722
Understanding font Property Limitations 724
Adding the Line Height 724
Using the Shorthand Properly 725
Using System Fonts 726
Font Matching 727
Summary 729
15. Text Properties 731
Indentation and Inline Alignment 731
Indenting Text 732
Aligning Text 734
Aligning the Last Line 738
Word Spacing 739
Letter Spacing 741
Spacing and Alignment 742
Vertical Alignment 742
Adjusting the Height of Lines 743
Vertically Aligning Text 746
Text Transformation 751
Text Decoration 754
Setting Text Decoration Line Placement 754
Setting Text Decoration Color 756
Setting Text Decoration Thickness 756
Setting Text Decoration Style 757
Using the Text Decoration Shorthand Property 758
Offsetting Underlines 759
Skipping Ink 761
Understanding Weird Decorations 762
Text Rendering 764
Text Shadows 765
Text Emphasis 767
Setting Emphasis Style 767
Changing Emphasis Color 769
Placing Emphasis Marks 770
Using the text-emphasis Shorthand 771
Setting Text Drawing Order 771
Whitespace 772
Setting Tab Sizes 775
Wrapping and Hyphenation 776
Hyphenation 776
Word Breaking 778
Line Breaking 780
Wrapping Text 781
Writing Modes 783
Setting Writing Modes 783
Changing Text Orientation 784
Combining Characters 786
Declaring Direction 788
Summary 790
16. Lists and Generated Content 791
Working with Lists 791
Types of Lists 792
List-Item Images 795
List-Marker Positions 798
List Styles in Shorthand 799
List Layout 800
The ::marker Pseudo-Element 802
Creating Generated Content 804
Inserting Generated Content 804
Specifying Content 807
Defining Counters 812
Defining Counting Patterns 819
Fixed Counting Patterns 821
Cyclic Counting Patterns 823
Symbolic Counting Patterns 826
Alphabetic Counting Patterns 829
Numeric Counting Patterns 830
Additive Counting Patterns 834
Extending Counting Patterns 836
Speaking Counting Patterns 838
Summary 840
17. Transforms 841
Coordinate Systems 841
Transforming 845
The Transform Functions 848
Translation 848
Scaling 851
Element Rotation 854
Individual Transform Property Order 859
Skewing 860
Matrix Functions 861
Setting Element Perspective 864
More Transform Properties 866
Moving the Transform’s Origin 866
Choosing the Transform’s Box 869
Choosing a 3D Style 870
Changing Perspective 873
Dealing with Backfaces 876
Summary 878
18. Transitions 879
CSS Transitions 879
Transition Properties 881
Limiting Transition Effects by Property 885
Setting Transition Duration 890
Altering the Internal Timing of Transitions 892
Delaying Transitions 898
Using the transition Shorthand 901
Reversing Interrupted Transitions 903
Animatable Properties and Values 904
How Property Values Are Interpolated 905
Interpolating Repeating Values 906
Printing Transitions 908
Summary 909
19. Animation 911
Accommodating Seizure and Vestibular Disorders 912
Defining Keyframes 912
Setting Up Keyframe Animations 914
Defining Keyframe Selectors 915
Omitting from and to Values 916
Repeating Keyframe Properties 917
Animatable Properties 917
Using Nonanimatable Properties That Aren’t Ignored 918
Scripting @keyframes Animations 919
Animating Elements 920
Invoking a Named Animation 920
Defining Animation Lengths 922
Declaring Animation Iterations 924
Setting an Animation Direction 925
Delaying Animations 927
Exploring Animation Events 929
Changing the Internal Timing of Animations 937
Setting the Animation Play State 947
Animation Fill Modes 948
Bringing It All Together 950
Animation, Specificity, and Precedence Order 953
Specificity and !important 953
Animation Iteration and display: none; 953
Animation and the UI Thread 953
Using the will-change Property 954
Printing Animations 955
Summary 956
20. Filters, Blending, Clipping, and Masking 957
CSS Filters 957
Basic Filters 958
Color Filtering 960
Brightness, Contrast, and Saturation 961
SVG Filters 962
Compositing and Blending 963
Blending Elements 964
Blending Backgrounds 972
Blending in Isolation 974
Containing Elements 976
Float Shapes 979
Shaping with Image Transparency 981
Using Inset Shapes 982
Adding a Shape Margin 992
Clipping and Masking 994
Clipping 994
Clip Shapes 995
Clip Boxes 997
Clipping with SVG Paths 999
Masks 1000
Defining a Mask 1000
Changing the Mask’s Mode 1003
Sizing and Repeating Masks 1005
Positioning Masks 1008
Clipping and Compositing Masks 1009
Bringing It All Together 1012
Setting Mask Types 1013
Border-Image Masking 1014
Object Fitting and Positioning 1020
Summary 1023
21. CSS At-Rules 1025
Media Queries 1025
Basic Media Queries 1025
Complex Media Queries 1028
Special Value Types 1030
Keyword Media Features 1031
Forced Colors, Contrast, and Display Mode 1035
Ranged Media Features 1038
Deprecated Media Features 1040
Responsive Styling 1041
Paged Media 1043
Print Styles 1043
Differences Between Screen and Print 1043
Page Size 1045
Page Margins and Padding 1048
Named Page Types 1048
Page Breaking 1049
Orphans and Widows 1052
Page-Breaking Behavior 1054
Repeated Elements 1056
Elements Outside the Page 1057
Container Queries 1057
Defining Container Types 1058
Defining Container Names 1060
Using Container Shorthand 1061
Using Container At-Rules 1062
Defining Container Query Features 1065
Setting Container Length Units 1066
Feature Queries (@supports) 1067
Other At-Rules 1070
Defining a Character Set for a Stylesheet 1070
Defining a Namespace for Selectors 1071
Summary 1071
A. Additional Resources 1073
Index 1075