Wolf Jürgen / Вольф Юрген - HTML and CSS: The Comprehensive Guide / HTML и CSS: полное руководство [2023, PDF, EPUB, ENG]

Примеры страниц (скриншоты)

Оглавление

Preface .......................................................................................................................... 25
1 Introduction to the HTML Universe 31
1.1 Is This Book Even Intended for Me? .............................................................................. 31
1.2 Different Types of Websites ............................................................................................. 32
1.2.1 Web Presence .......................................................................................................... 32
1.2.2 Blog/Online Magazine/Portfolio ....................................................................... 33
1.2.3 E-Commerce Websites: Stores without Opening Hours ........................... 35
1.2.4 Landing Page/Microsite ....................................................................................... 36
1.2.5 Web Platform: Building Your Own Social Network .................................... 36
1.2.6 Web Apps .................................................................................................................. 37
1.3 Dynamic and Static Websites .......................................................................................... 37
1.3.1 Static Websites ........................................................................................................ 38
1.3.2 Dynamic Websites ................................................................................................. 39
1.4 Languages for Designing and Developing on the Web ........................................ 41
1.4.1 HTML: Text-Based Hypertext Markup Language ......................................... 41
1.4.2 CSS: Design Language ........................................................................................... 42
1.4.3 JavaScript: Client-Side Scripting Language of the Web Browser ........... 43
1.4.4 Server-Side Scripting Languages and Databases ......................................... 43
1.5 What Do I Need to Get Started? ..................................................................................... 44
1.5.1 HTML Editor for Writing HTML Documents .................................................. 44
1.5.2 Web Browser for Displaying the Website ...................................................... 46
1.5.3 Step by Step: Creating a Web Page and Viewing It in
the Web Browser .................................................................................................... 47
1.5.4 Checking Written HTML ....................................................................................... 49
1.5.5 Good Reasons for Validating the HTML Code Anyway .............................. 52
1.6 Conventions Used in This Book ....................................................................................... 53
1.7 Summary .................................................................................................................... 53
2 Basic Structure of HTML and HTML Documents 55
2.1 Syntax and Structure of HTML and HTML Documents ......................................... 55
2.1.1 How to Structure a Document in HTML ......................................................... 55
2.1.2 Viewing the Tree Structure Using the Document Object Model
Inspector .................................................................................................................... 58
2.1.3 HTML Tags and HTML Elements ........................................................................ 59
2.1.4 Nesting HTML Elements and the Hierarchical Structure .......................... 60
2.1.5 Avoiding Incorrect Nesting of HTML Elements ............................................ 61
2.1.6 Omitting the End Tag of an HTML Element .................................................. 62
2.1.7 Standalone HTML Tags without End Tags ..................................................... 63
2.1.8 Additional HTML Attributes for HTML Elements ......................................... 64
2.1.9 Using Comments in HTML Documents .......................................................... 65
2.2 A Simple HTML Document Framework ........................................................................ 65
2.2.1 HTML Document Type: .................................................................. 66
2.2.2 Beginning and Ending an HTML Document: ................................. 67
2.2.3 Head of an HTML Document: ............................................................. 67
2.2.4 Visible Part of an HTML Document: ................................................. 68
2.3 Summary .......................................................................................................... 68
3 Head Data of an HTML Document 69
3.1 Overview of HTML Elements for the Head ................................................................. 69
3.2 : Heading of the HTML Page ............................................................................... 70
3.3 Related Topic: Naming Convention and Referencing ........................................... 72
3.3.1 Valid and Good File Names for an HTML Document .................................. 72
3.3.2 Valid Directory Names and Meaningful Directory Structures ................ 73
3.3.3 Writing a Reference to a Data Source ............................................................. 73
3.4 Defining the Base URL of a Web Page Using ............................................. 76
3.5 Referencing an External Document via ......................................................... 78
3.6 Writing Document-Wide CSS Styles Using ................................................ 81
3.7 Including Scripts in Web Pages Using ........................................................ 82
3.8 Metadata for the Document Using .............................................................. 85
3.8.1 The Most Commonly Used Metadata ............................................................. 85
3.8.2 Setting the Viewport ............................................................................................. 87
3.8.3 Specifying Useful Metadata for a Web Crawler ........................................... 88
3.8.4 Useful Metadata for Search Engines ............................................................... 88
3.8.5 Useful Metadata for the Web Browser ........................................................... 90
3.8.6 Using General Metadata ...................................................................................... 91
3.8.7 My Recommendation: This Metadata Belongs in the
Basic HTML Framework ........................................................................................ 92
3.8.8 HTML Attributes for the Element ..................................................... 92
3.9 Summary ............................................................................................................... 93
4 The Visible Part of an HTML Document 95
4.1 HTML Elements for Structuring Pages ......................................................................... 95
4.1.1 Using : The Displayable Content Section of an
HTML Document ..................................................................................................... 96
4.1.2 Introducing the Section Elements of HTML ................................................... 96
4.1.3 Using Headings with the HTML Elements from to ............... 104
4.1.4 Creating a Header Using and a Footer Using .......... 108
4.1.5 Marking Contact Information Using .......................................... 110
4.2 HTML Elements for Structuring Text ............................................................................ 111
4.2.1 Adding Text Paragraphs Using .................................................................. 112
4.2.2 Forcing Line Breaks Using .......................................................................... 113
4.2.3 Adding Optional Line Breaks Using .................................................... 114
4.2.4 Forcing Spaces and Preventing Wrapping Using " " ...................... 115
4.2.5 Adding a Topic-Based Separation Using .............................................. 116
4.2.6 Adding Paragraphs or Citations Using ................................ 117
4.2.7 Defining a General Section Using ......................................................... 118
4.2.8 Using : An HTML Element for the Main Content .......................... 120
4.2.9 Labeling Content Separately Using and ............. 121
4.2.10 Creating Unordered Lists Using and .............................................. 122
4.2.11 Creating Ordered Lists Using and ................................................... 123
4.2.12 Reversing the Numbering of an Ordered List ............................................... 124
4.2.13 Changing the Numbering of an Ordered List ................................................ 124
4.2.14 Nesting Lists within Each Other ........................................................................ 125
4.2.15 Creating a Description List Using , , and ............................ 128
4.3 Using Semantic HTML ...................................................................................... 130
4.3.1 HTML without a Precise Structure .................................................................... 130
4.3.2 Generic Structuring Using ....................................................................... 132
4.3.3 Semantic Structuring Using the Elements Provided in HTML ................. 135
4.3.4 What’s the Use of Those Semantic HTML Elements? ................................ 138
4.4 HTML Elements for Text Markups ............................................................ 138
4.4.1 Marking Up Abbreviations or Acronyms Using ............................. 140
4.4.2 Marking Up Text as the Source of a Working Title Using ............ 140
4.4.3 Marking Up Computer Code Representation Using
and .................................................................................................... 141
4.4.4 Keyboard Input Using and Program Output Using ...... 142
4.4.5 Marking Up Text as a Definition Using .............................................. 143
4.4.6 Marking Up Text as a Variable Using .................................................. 144
4.4.7 Changing the Text Direction Using and ............................... 144
4.4.8 Emphasizing Text Using , , , and ............................ 145
4.4.9 Highlighting Text Using ....................................................................... 146
4.4.10 Placing Text between Quotes Using ....................................................... 147
4.4.11 Underlining or Crossing Out Text Using and ............................... 148
4.4.12 Marking Changes of Text Using and ........................................ 150
4.4.13 Displaying Text as Superscript or Subscript Using and ... 151
4.4.14 Marking Dates and Times Using ........................................................ 151
4.4.15 Marking the Small Print Using .......................................................... 155
4.4.16 Using , , and for Annotations about Pronunciation ... 155
4.4.17 Grouping Ranges of Individual Text Passages Using .................. 156
4.5 Related Topic: Character Encoding .............................................................................. 157
4.5.1 From Bytes to Character Encoding ................................................................... 158
4.5.2 From ASCII to ISO-8859 ........................................................................................ 158
4.5.3 Beyond the Byte Boundary with Unicode ...................................................... 159
4.6 Character Entities in HTML ....................................................................................... 160
4.6.1 Structure of a Character Entity in HTML ......................................................... 160
4.7 Summary ............................................................................................................. 161
5 Tables and Hyperlinks 163
5.1 Structuring Data in a Table ..................................................................................... 163
5.1.1 A Simple Table Structure Using , , , and ............... 164
5.1.2 Combining Columns or Rows Using “colspan” or “rowspan” ................. 166
5.1.3 HTML Attributes for the Table Elements ........................................................ 169
5.1.4 Structuring Tables Using , , and ........................ 169
5.1.5 Grouping Columns of a Table Using and .................... 172
5.1.6 Labeling Tables Using or ....................................... 174
5.2 Electronic References (Hyperlinks) Using .......................................................... 177
5.2.1 Inserting Links to Other HTML Documents on Your Own Website ....... 178
5.2.2 Inserting Links to Other Websites .................................................................... 181
5.2.3 Opening Links with the “target” Attribute in a New Window ................ 182
5.2.4 Email Links with “href=mailto: . . .” .................................................................. 183
5.2.5 Setting Links to Other Types of Content ......................................................... 185
5.2.6 Adding Download Links Using the “download” Attribute ........................ 186
5.2.7 Setting Links to Specific Parts of a Web Page ............................................... 188
5.2.8 Creating Links to Phone Numbers .................................................................... 191
5.2.9 HTML Attributes for the HTML Element ................................................ 192
5.3 Summary .................................................................................................. 193
6 Graphics and Multimedia 195
6.1 Embedding Images Using .................................................................. 196
6.1.1 Adding Images to an HTML Document ........................................................... 196
6.1.2 Specifying the Height and Width of a Graphic ............................................. 200
6.1.3 Labeling Images Using and ..................................... 202
6.1.4 HTML Attributes for the HTML Element ........................................... 204
6.2 Creating Link-Sensitive Graphics (Image Maps) ...................................................... 204
6.2.1 Use HTML Attributes for the HTML Element .................................. 207
6.2.2 Referencing Defined Areas of the HTML Element ........................ 208
6.2.3 HTML Attributes of .................................................................................. 208
6.3 Loading the Appropriate Image Using .................................................... 210
6.3.1 HTML Attributes of ............................................................................. 211
6.3.2 Multiple Image Sources with the HTML Attribute “srcset” ...................... 212
6.4 Adding an Icon for the Website (Favicon) .................................................................. 213
6.5 Using Vector Graphics in HTML Documents .............................................................. 214
6.5.1 Adding SVG as a Graphic Reference Using ....................................... 215
6.5.2 Embedding SVG Directly into the Web Page Using ....................... 216
6.5.3 SVG Tags for Vector Graphics ............................................................................. 217
6.5.4 Overview of Graphical SVG Elements .............................................................. 217
6.5.5 Further Notes on Using SVG ............................................................................... 219
6.5.6 Mathematical Formulas Using MathML ........................................................ 219
6.6 Drawing Graphics Using ................................................................................ 221
6.7 Playing Videos Using the HTML Element .................................................. 222
6.7.1 HTML Attributes for the HTML Element ........................................ 224
6.7.2 Adding Subtitles to a Video Using .................................................... 225
6.7.3 Playing Videos via YouTube ................................................................................ 228
6.8 Playing Audio Files Using the HTML Element ......................................... 229
6.8.1 HTML Attributes for the HTML Element ........................................ 230
6.9 Including Other Active Content ...................................................................................... 231
6.9.1 HTML Element ..................................................................................... 232
6.9.2 HTML Element ....................................................................................... 232
6.9.3 HTML Element ...................................................................................... 233
6.10 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 235
7 HTML Forms and Interactive Elements 237
7.1 Defining a Space for Forms ............................................................................................... 238
7.2 HTML Input Fields for Forms ............................................................................................. 239
7.2.1 A Single-Line Text Input Field Using ........................ 240
7.2.2 A Password Input Field Using ......................... 240
7.2.3 A Multiline Text Input Field Using ............................................. 241
7.2.4 A Selection List or Dropdown List Using ....................................... 242
7.2.5 Creating a Group of Radio Buttons Using ........... 244
7.2.6 Adding a Text Label Using ................................................................... 245
7.2.7 Using Checkboxes via ......................................... 245
7.2.8 Using Fields for File Uploads via ................................. 246
7.2.9 Overview of Various Buttons .............................................................................. 247
7.2.10 Using a Hidden Input Field via ............................. 248
7.2.11 Writing Form Fields outside of ... ....................................... 248
7.2.12 Multiple Submit Buttons for Different URLs ................................................. 249
7.3 Special Types of Input Fields ......................................................................... 250
7.3.1 An Input Field for Colors Using ................................ 251
7.3.2 An Input Field for a Date Using ................................ 252
7.3.3 An Input Field for a Time Using ................................ 252
7.3.4 Input Fields for Date and Time .......................................................................... 253
7.3.5 Input Fields for the Month and the Week ...................................................... 254
7.3.6 An Input Field for Searches Using ........................ 254
7.3.7 An Input Field for Email Addresses Using ........... 255
7.3.8 An Input Field for a URL Using ...................................... 255
7.3.9 An Input Field for Phone Numbers Using ................. 256
7.3.10 An Input Field for Numbers Using .................... 256
7.3.11 An Input Field for Numbers of a Certain Range ........................................... 256
7.3.12 Outputting Values and Calculations Using ............................... 256
7.4 The HTML Attributes for Input Fields ........................................................................... 257
7.4.1 Setting the Input Focus Using the HTML Attribute “autofocus” ............ 258
7.4.2 (De)activating Autocompletion Using the “autocomplete”
Attribute .................................................................................................................... 258
7.4.3 A List of Suggestions for Using the HTML Attribute “list” and
.................................................................................................................. 259
7.4.4 Specifying Minimum and Maximum Values and the Step Size ............. 259
7.4.5 Selecting or Entering Multiple Values Using “multiple” ........................... 260
7.4.6 Regular Expressions for Input Fields Using “pattern” ................................ 260
7.4.7 A Placeholder for an Input Field Using “placeholder” ................................ 260
7.4.8 Defining an Input as Required Using the “required” Attribute .............. 261
7.4.9 Controlling Error Messages for Input Fields .................................................. 261
7.5 Other Useful Helpers for Input Fields ........................................................................... 263
7.5.1 Disabling Form Elements Using the HTML Attribute “disabled” ........... 264
7.5.2 Permitting Read-Only for Input Fields Using the “readonly”
Attribute .................................................................................................................... 265
7.5.3 Useful Keyboard Shortcuts and Tab Sequence for Input Fields .............. 265
7.5.4 Grouping Form Elements Using and ....................... 266
7.5.5 Progress Display via ........................................................................ 267
7.5.6 Visualizing Values Using .................................................................... 268
7.6 Sending Form Data Using PHP ............................................................................... 268
7.6.1 Transferring the Data from the Web Browser for Further
Processing ................................................................................................................. 269
7.6.2 The “POST” Method ............................................................................................... 271
7.6.3 The “GET” Method ................................................................................................. 271
7.6.4 Processing the Data Using a PHP Script .......................................................... 272
7.7 Interactive HTML Elements ....................................................................................... 275
7.7.1 Expanding/Collapsing Content Using and ........ 275
7.7.2 A Dialog Box via .................................................................................... 276
7.8 Summary ................................................................................................................... 277
8 Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets 279
8.1 The Story of CSS .......................................................................................................... 280
8.2 The Basic Principle of Using CSS ..................................................................................... 281
8.2.1 Structure of a CSS Rule ......................................................................................... 283
8.2.2 Declaring a Selector ............................................................................................... 283
8.2.3 Using Comments for CSS Code .......................................................................... 284
8.2.4 A Few Notes on Formatting CSS Code ............................................................. 285
8.3 Integrating CSS into HTML .............................................................................. 285
8.3.1 Style Statements Directly in the HTML Tag Using the
HTML Attribute “style” ......................................................................................... 286
8.3.2 Style Statements in the Document Head Using the
HTML Element .......................................................................................... 287
8.3.3 Integrating Style Statements from an External CSS File
Using ............................................................................................................. 288
8.3.4 Combining CSS Rules in the Head Section and in External CSS Files .... 289
8.3.5 Recommendation: You Should Separate HTML and CSS .......................... 291
8.3.6 Testing Alternate Stylesheets during Development .................................. 291
8.3.7 Integrating Style Statements from an External CSS File
Using “@import” .................................................................................................... 293
8.3.8 Media-Specific Stylesheets for Specific Output Devices ........................... 293
8.3.9 Media-Specific Stylesheets with CSS ............................................................... 295
8.4 Analyzing CSS in the Web Browser .................................................................... 295
8.5 Summary ...................................................................................................... 296
9 The Selectors of CSS 297
9.1 The Simple Selectors of CSS ........................................................................... 298
9.1.1 Addressing HTML Elements Using the Type Selector ................................. 299
9.1.2 Addressing HTML Elements Using a Specific Class or ID .......................... 301
9.1.3 Universal Selector: Addressing All Elements in a Document .................. 308
9.1.4 Addressing Elements Based on Attributes Using the
Attribute Selector ................................................................................................... 310
9.1.5 An Attribute Selector for Attributes with a Specific Value ....................... 312
9.1.6 Attribute Selector for Attributes with a Specific Partial Value ............... 315
9.1.7 CSS Pseudo-Classes: The Selectors for Specific Features .......................... 318
9.1.8 The Convenient Structural Pseudo-Classes in CSS ...................................... 322
9.1.9 Other Useful Pseudo-Classes ............................................................................. 329
9.1.10 Pseudo-Elements: The Selectors for Nonexistent Elements .................... 330
9.2 Combinators: Concatenating the Selectors ............................................................... 332
9.2.1 The Descendant Combinator (E1 E2) ............................................................... 334
9.2.2 The Child Combinator (E1 > E2) ......................................................................... 335
9.2.3 The Adjacent Sibling Combinator (E1 + E2) ................................................... 337
9.2.4 The General Sibling Combinator (E1 ~ E2) ..................................................... 338
9.3 Recommendation: How to Use Efficient and Simple CSS .................................... 340
9.3.1 How to Write Well Performing CSS .................................................................. 340
9.3.2 Recommendation: Keep the CSS Code as Simple as Possible ................. 342
9.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 343
10 Inheritance and Cascading 345
10.1 The Principle of Inheritance in CSS ...................................................................... 345
10.1.1 Be Cautious When Using Relative Properties ............................................... 349
10.1.2 Not Everything Gets Inherited ........................................................................... 350
10.1.3 Enforcing Inheritance Using “inherit” ............................................................. 350
10.1.4 Restoring the Default Value of a CSS Feature (“initial”) ........................... 352
10.1.5 Forcing Inheritance or Restoring a Value ("unset") ..................................... 352
10.1.6 Forcing Inheritance or Restoring Values for All Properties ....................... 353
10.2 Understanding the Control System for Cascading ................................................. 354
10.2.1 The Origin of a Stylesheet ................................................................................... 354
10.2.2 Increasing the Priority of a CSS Feature Using “!important” ................... 355
10.2.3 Sorting by Importance and Origin .................................................................... 356
10.2.4 Sorting by Weighting the Selectors (Specificity) .......................................... 357
10.2.5 Summary of the Cascading Rules System ...................................................... 361
10.2.6 Analyzing the Cascading in the Browser ........................................................ 362
10.3 Related Topic: Passing Values to CSS Features ........................................................ 363
10.3.1 Different Units of Measurement in CSS ......................................................... 363
10.3.2 Character Strings and Keywords as Values for CSS Features .................. 365
10.3.3 Many Ways of Using a Color in CSS .................................................................. 366
10.3.4 Angular Dimensions in CSS ................................................................................. 372
10.3.5 Passing Values via Short Notation to a CSS Feature ................................... 373
10.4 Summary ........................................................................................................... 374
11 The Box Model of CSS 375
11.1 Classic Box Model of CSS ....................................................................................... 376
11.1.1 Specifying the Content Area Using “width” and “height” ........................ 376
11.1.2 Specifying the Inner Spacing Using “padding” ............................................. 378
11.1.3 Creating the Border Using “border” ................................................................. 379
11.1.4 Setting Up the Outer Margin Using “margin” .............................................. 379
11.1.5 Collapsing Margins ................................................................................................ 381
11.1.6 Determining the Total Width and Total Height of a Box .......................... 385
11.2 Newer Alternate Box Model of CSS ............................................................................... 386
11.2.1 Using the “box-sizing” Box Model .................................................................... 388
11.2.2 Using the Alternate Box Model ......................................................................... 388
11.3 Analyzing the Box Model in the Browser ................................................................... 392
11.4 Box Model for Inline Elements ........................................................................................ 393
11.5 Designing Boxes ............................................................................................................ 393
11.5.1 Adding and Designing a Border Using the “border” Property ................. 393
11.5.2 Setting a Background Color Using “background-color” ............................ 397
11.5.3 Using Background Images ................................................................................... 397
11.5.4 Making Boxes Transparent ................................................................................. 405
11.5.5 Adding a Gradient .................................................................................................. 406
11.5.6 Adding a Shadow Using the “box-shadow” Feature .................................. 409
11.5.7 Adding Round Corners Using the CSS Feature “border-radius” ............. 411
11.6 Related Topic: Web Browser Prefixes (CSS Vendor Prefixes) ............................ 413
11.7 Summary ....................................................................................................... 416
12 CSS Positioning 417
12.1 Positioning via CSS Feature “position” ....................................................................... 417
12.1.1 Normal Positioning (“position: static”) ........................................................... 418
12.1.2 Positioning Elements Using “top”, “right”, “bottom”, and “left” ........... 420
12.1.3 Relative Positioning (“position: relative”) ...................................................... 421
12.1.4 Absolute Positioning (“position: absolute”) .................................................. 422
12.1.5 Fixed Positioning (“position: fixed”) ................................................................ 426
12.1.6 Sticky Positioning (“position: sticky”) .............................................................. 429
12.2 Controlling Stacking Using “z-index” .......................................................................... 431
12.3 Floating Boxes for Positioning via “float” ................................................................. 434
12.3.1 Terminating the Float ........................................................................................... 438
12.3.2 Combining Floats into One Entity ..................................................................... 440
12.4 Flexible Boxes of CSS .......................................................................................... 443
12.4.1 Aligning the Flexbox .............................................................................................. 443
12.4.2 Setting the Flexibility of the Flexbox ............................................................... 451
12.4.3 Determining the Order of the Boxes ............................................................... 454
12.5 Summary .................................................................................................... 454
13 Creating Responsive Layouts with CSS 457
13.1 Basic Theoretical Knowledge of Responsive Web Design ................................... 457
13.1.1 Using Specific Media Types ................................................................................. 458
13.1.2 Media Queries for Media Features ................................................................... 461
13.1.3 Integrating and Applying Media Queries for Media Features ................. 461
13.1.4 Basic Structure of a Media Feature Query ..................................................... 462
13.1.5 Which Media Features Can Be Queried? ........................................................ 464
13.1.6 Crucially Important: The Viewport for Mobile Devices ............................. 465
13.1.7 Use “em” Instead of Pixels for a Layout Break in Media Queries ........... 469
13.1.8 Layout Breaks (Breakpoints) ............................................................................... 471
13.1.9 No More Math Games Thanks to "box-sizing: border-box;" .................... 472
13.1.10 What Happens to Web Browsers That Don’t Understand
Media Queries? ....................................................................................................... 472
13.2 Let’s Create a Simple Responsive Layout .................................................................... 472
13.2.1 Let’s Create the Basic Framework Using HTML ............................................ 473
13.2.2 Setting General CSS Features ............................................................................. 474
13.2.3 What Should I Use as a Basic Version without Media Queries:
Mobile First? ............................................................................................................. 475
13.2.4 Setting the Layout Break (Breakpoint) ............................................................ 480
13.2.5 Adding More Layout Breaks ................................................................................ 482
13.2.6 Customizing the Main Content ......................................................................... 487
13.3 Even More Flexible Elements ............................................................................. 489
13.3.1 Use Relative Font Sizes instead of Pixels ........................................................ 489
13.3.2 Making Images Responsive ................................................................................. 489
13.3.3 Flexible Images in Maximum Possible Width ............................................... 493
13.3.4 Hiding Images Entirely ......................................................................................... 495
13.3.5 Loading the Right Image for the Screen Width: ....................... 496
13.3.6 Using Area-Covering Images .............................................................................. 498
13.4 CSS Grid Layout ................................................................................................ 501
13.4.1 Creating a Grid for the Content ......................................................................... 501
13.4.2 Placing Elements in the Grid .............................................................................. 504
13.4.3 Layout Changes Made Easy ................................................................................. 510
13.4.4 Spacing between Grid Lines ................................................................................ 511
13.4.5 Checking the Grid in the Web Browser ........................................................... 512
13.5 Changing the Behavior of HTML Elements Using “display” .............................. 513
13.5.1 “display: block”, “display: inline”, and “display: inline-block” ................. 513
13.5.2 Hiding Elements Using “display:none” ........................................................... 515
13.5.3 Further Values for “display” ................................................................................ 516
13.6 Calculations Using CSS and the “calc()” Function ................................................... 516
13.7 Summary ........................................................................................................... 519
14 Styling with CSS 521
14.1 Designing Texts with CSS .................................................................................................. 521
14.1.1 Selecting Fonts via “font-family” ...................................................................... 522
14.1.2 Providing Fonts via Web Fonts: “@font-face” .............................................. 526
14.1.3 Using Icons via Icon Fonts ................................................................................... 532
14.1.4 Setting the Font Size Using “font-size” ........................................................... 536
14.1.5 Italic and Bold Fonts via “font-style” and “font-weight” .......................... 543
14.1.6 Creating Small Caps Using “font-variant” ..................................................... 544
14.1.7 Defining Line Spacing via “line-height” .......................................................... 545
14.1.8 A Short Notation for Font Formatting Using “font” ................................... 546
14.1.9 Specifying Letter and Word Spacing via “letter-spacing” and
“word-spacing” ....................................................................................................... 547
14.1.10 Setting the Text Alignment Using “text-align” ............................................ 548
14.1.11 Setting the Vertical Alignment via “vertical-align” ..................................... 550
14.1.12 Indenting Text Using “text-indent” ................................................................. 551
14.1.13 Underlining Text and Striking Text Through Using
“text-decoration” ................................................................................................... 552
14.1.14 Uppercase and Lowercase Text via “text-transform” ................................ 553
14.1.15 Adding Shadow to Text via “text-shadow” ................................................... 554
14.1.16 Splitting Text into Multiple Columns Using “column-count” ................. 555
14.2 Designing Lists with CSS ....................................................................... 557
14.2.1 Customizing Bullet Points Using “list-style-type” ....................................... 557
14.2.2 Using Images as Bullets via “list-style-image” ............................................. 559
14.2.3 Positioning Bulleted Lists via “list-style-position” ....................................... 560
14.2.4 Short Notation “list-style” for Designing Lists ............................................. 560
14.2.5 Creating Navigation and Menus via Lists ....................................................... 561
14.3 Designing Appealing Tables with CSS .......................................................................... 566
14.3.1 Creating Fixed-Width Tables .............................................................................. 566
14.3.2 General Recommendation: Designing Appealing Tables with CSS ....... 567
14.3.3 Collapsing Borders for Table Cells Using “border-collapse” .................... 568
14.3.4 Setting the Spacing between Cells via “border-spacing” ......................... 569
14.3.5 Displaying Empty Table Cells Using “empty-cells” ..................................... 570
14.3.6 Positioning Table Captions via “caption-side” ............................................. 571
14.4 Adjusting Images and Graphics Using “width” and “height” ........................... 571
14.5 Transforming Elements with CSS ................................................................................... 574
14.5.1 Scaling HTML Elements via “transform: scale()” ......................................... 575
14.5.2 Rotating HTML Elements Using “transform: rotate()” .............................. 576
14.5.3 Skewing HTML Elements Using “transform: skew()” ................................. 577
14.5.4 Moving HTML Elements Using “transform: translate()” ........................... 577
14.5.5 Combining Different Transformations ........................................................... 578
14.5.6 Other HTML Elements ........................................................................................... 579
14.6 Creating Transitions with CSS .......................................................................................... 580
14.7 Styling HTML Forms with CSS .......................................................................................... 581
14.7.1 Neatly Structuring an HTML Form .................................................................... 582
14.7.2 Aligning Form Elements with CSS .................................................................... 584
14.7.3 Designing Form Elements with CSS ................................................................. 587
14.8 Summary ............................................................................................................ 590
15 Testing and Organizing 591
15.1 Web Browser Tests: What’s Possible? .......................................................................... 591
15.1.1 Validating HTML and CSS .................................................................................... 592
15.1.2 Which Browsers Are Visitors Currently Using? ............................................ 592
15.1.3 CSS Web Browser Test .......................................................................................... 593
15.1.4 HTML5 Web Browser Test ................................................................................... 594
15.1.5 Can I Use That? ........................................................................................................ 595
15.1.6 Feature Query Using the “@supports” Rule .................................................. 596
15.2 Viewing Websites in Different Sizes ............................................................................. 596
15.3 Setting Up a Central Stylesheet ...................................................................................... 598
15.3.1 Combining Everything Back into One File to Shorten the Load Time ... 600
15.4 CSS Reset or Normalization? ............................................................................................ 600
15.4.1 Built-In Style Presets of the Web Browser and CSS Reset ......................... 600
15.4.2 Normalization: The Alternative to CSS Reset ................................................ 602
15.5 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 603
16 The CSS Preprocessor Sass and SCSS 605
16.1 Sass or SCSS Syntax .............................................................................................................. 605
16.2 From Sass/SCSS to CSS ........................................................................................................ 606
16.3 Installing and Setting Up Sass ......................................................................................... 607
16.3.1 Online CSS Preprocessor without Installation .............................................. 607
16.3.2 Setting Up Sass Using Visual Studio Code ..................................................... 608
16.3.3 Installing Sass for the Command Line ............................................................. 610
16.4 Using Variables with Sass .................................................................................................. 611
16.5 Nesting with Sass .................................................................................................................. 613
16.6 Mixins (“@mixin”, “@include”) ..................................................................................... 615
16.7 Extend (“@extend”) ............................................................................................................. 618
16.8 Media Queries and “@content” ..................................................................................... 621
16.9 Operators .................................................................................................................................. 624
16.10 Adjusting Colors and Brightness .................................................................................... 625
16.11 Sass Control Structures ....................................................................................................... 628
16.12 Functions “@function” ....................................................................................................... 632
16.13 “@import” ................................................................................................................................ 633
16.14 Comments ................................................................................................................................. 634
16.15 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 635
17 A Brief Introduction to JavaScript 637
17.1 JavaScript in Web Development ..................................................................................... 638
17.2 Writing and Executing JavaScript Programs ............................................................. 640
17.2.1 Integrating a JavaScript File in an HTML File ................................................ 641
17.2.2 Writing JavaScript within HTML ........................................................................ 643
17.2.3 Position of JavaScript and Its Execution in the HTML Document .......... 644
17.2.4 Attributes for Manipulating the Load Behavior of
JavaScript (“async”, “defer”) ............................................................................... 645
17.2.5 The Element for No JavaScript ..................................................... 645
17.3 JavaScript Output .......................................................................................... 646
17.3.1 Standard Dialogs (and Input Dialog) ............................................................... 646
17.3.2 Outputting to the Console .................................................................................. 647
17.3.3 Outputting to the Website .................................................................................. 649
17.3.4 Running JavaScript without a Web Browser ................................................. 651
17.3.5 Annotating JavaScript Code with Comments ............................................... 652
17.4 Using Variables in JavaScript ........................................................................................... 652
17.4.1 Defining Constants ................................................................................................ 655
17.4.2 Strict Mode Using “"use strict"” ......................................................................... 656
17.5 Overview of JavaScript Data Types ............................................................................... 657
17.5.1 Number Data Type (Numbers) ........................................................................... 657
17.5.2 String Data Types (Strings) .................................................................................. 658
17.5.3 Template Strings .................................................................................................... 660
17.5.4 Boolean Data Type ................................................................................................. 660
17.5.5 Undefined and Null Data Types ........................................................................ 661
17.5.6 Objects ....................................................................................................................... 662
17.5.7 Converting Data Types ......................................................................................... 662
17.6 Arithmetic Operators for Calculation Tasks in JavaScript ................................... 663
17.7 Conditional Statements in JavaScript .......................................................................... 665
17.7.1 “true” or “false”: Boolean Truth Value ............................................................ 666
17.7.2 Using the Various Comparison Operators in JavaScript ........................... 667
17.7.3 Using the “if” Branch ............................................................................................. 668
17.7.4 Using the Selection Operator ............................................................................. 669
17.7.5 Logical Operators .................................................................................................... 669
17.7.6 Multiple Branching via “switch” ....................................................................... 670
17.8 Multiple Repetitions of Program Statements via Loops ...................................... 672
17.8.1 Increment and Decrement Operators ............................................................. 672
17.8.2 The Header-Controlled “for” Loop .................................................................... 673
17.8.3 The Header-Controlled “while” Loop ............................................................... 674
17.8.4 The Footer-Controlled “do-while” Loop .......................................................... 674
17.8.5 Ending the Statement Block Using “break” ................................................... 675
17.8.6 Jumping to the Start of the Loop via “continue” ......................................... 675
17.9 Summary ............................................................................................... 676
18 Arrays, Functions, and Objects in JavaScript 677
18.1 Functions in JavaScript ............................................................................ 677
18.1.1 Different Ways to Define a Function in JavaScript ..................................... 678
18.1.2 Calling Functions and Function Parameters ................................................. 680
18.1.3 Return Value of a Function ................................................................................. 683
18.1.4 The Scope of Variables in a Function ............................................................... 683
18.1.5 Defining Functions in Short Notation (Arrow Functions) ......................... 686
18.1.6 Using a Function in a Web Page ........................................................................ 687
18.2 Arrays ............................................................................................................ 689
18.2.1 Accessing the Individual Elements in the Array ........................................... 690
18.2.2 Multidimensional Arrays ..................................................................................... 691
18.2.3 Adding or Removing New Elements in an Array .......................................... 692
18.2.4 Sorting Arrays .......................................................................................................... 697
18.2.5 Searching within Arrays ....................................................................................... 698
18.2.6 Additional Methods for Arrays ........................................................................... 699
18.3 Strings and Regular Expressions ..................................................................................... 700
18.3.1 Useful Functions for Strings ............................................................................... 700
18.3.2 Applying Regular Expressions to Strings ........................................................ 701
18.4 Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScript ............................................................ 702
18.4.1 What Exactly Are Objects? .................................................................................. 702
18.4.2 Creating Objects via Constructor Functions ................................................. 703
18.4.3 Creating Objects via the Class Syntax ............................................................. 704
18.4.4 Accessing the Object Properties and Methods: Setters and Getters .... 705
18.4.5 The Keyword “this” ................................................................................................ 708
18.5 Other Global Objects ................................................................................................. 709
18.5.1 The Top Object “Object” ....................................................................................... 709
18.5.2 Objects for the Primitive Data Types: Number, String, and Boolean .... 709
18.5.3 “Function” Object ................................................................................................... 711
18.5.4 “Date” Object ........................................................................................................... 711
18.5.5 “Math” Object .......................................................................................................... 711
18.5.6 “Map” Object ........................................................................................................... 712
18.5.7 “Set” Object .............................................................................................................. 712
18.6 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 713
19 Changing Web Pages Dynamically 715
19.1 Introduction to the DOM of an HTML Document ................................................... 715
19.2 The “document” Object ...................................................................................................... 717
19.3 DOM Programming Interface ........................................................................................... 717
19.4 Accessing Elements in the DOM ..................................................................................... 718
19.4.1 Finding an HTML Element with a Specific “id” Attribute .......................... 719
19.4.2 Finding HTML Elements with a Specific Tag Name .................................... 720
19.4.3 Finding HTML Elements with a Specific “class” Attribute ........................ 723
19.4.4 Finding HTML Elements with a Specific “name” Attribute ...................... 724
19.4.5 Using “querySelector()” and “querySelectorAll()” ....................................... 725
19.4.6 Other Object and Property Collections ........................................................... 727
19.5 Changing an HTML Element, an Attribute, or the Style ....................................... 730
19.5.1 Changing the Content of HTML Elements Using “innerHTML” .............. 730
19.5.2 Changing the Value of an HTML Attribute .................................................... 732
19.5.3 Changing the Style (CSS) of an HTML Element ............................................ 733
19.6 Responding to JavaScript Events .................................................................................... 735
19.7 Handling the Events Using the Event Handler ......................................................... 736
19.7.1 Setting Up an Event Handler as an HTML Attribute in the
HTML Element ......................................................................................................... 737
19.7.2 Setting Up Event Handlers as a Property of an Object .............................. 737
19.7.3 Setting Up an Event Handler via “addEventListener()” ............................. 738
19.8 Overview of Common JavaScript Events .................................................................... 740
19.8.1 The JavaScript Events of the UI (Window Events) ....................................... 740
19.8.2 JavaScript Events That Can Occur in Connection with the Mouse ........ 742
19.8.3 JavaScript Events for Devices with a Touchscreen ...................................... 744
19.8.4 JavaScript Events That Occur in Connection with the Keyboard ........... 744
19.8.5 JavaScript Events for HTML Forms .................................................................... 745
19.8.6 JavaScript Events for the Web APIs .................................................................. 745
19.9 More Information about Events with the “event” Object .................................. 745
19.10 Suppressing the Default Action of Events .................................................................. 748
19.11 The Event Flow (Event Propagation) ............................................................................. 749
19.11.1 More about the Bubbling Phase ........................................................................ 750
19.11.2 Canceling Bubbling via the “stopPropagation()” Method ........................ 751
19.11.3 Intervening in the Event Flow during the Capturing Phase ..................... 752
19.11.4 Additional Information on the Capturing and Bubbling Phases ............ 753
19.12 Adding, Changing, and Removing HTML Elements ................................................ 754
19.12.1 Creating and Adding a New HTML Element and Content ........................ 755
19.12.2 Targeting HTML Elements Even More Exactly in the DOM Tree ............ 756
19.12.3 Adding a New HTML Element Even More Targeted to
the DOM Tree .......................................................................................................... 760
19.12.4 Deleting an Existing HTML Element from the DOM Tree ......................... 762
19.12.5 Replacing an HTML Element in the DOM Tree with Another One ......... 763
19.12.6 Cloning a Node or Entire Fragments of the DOM Tree .............................. 764
19.12.7 Different Methods to Manipulate the HTML Attributes ........................... 765
19.12.8 The HTML Tag .................................................................................. 768
19.13 HTML Forms and JavaScript .............................................................................................. 770
19.13.1 Reading Text Input Fields with JavaScript ..................................................... 771
19.13.2 Reading Selection Lists with JavaScript .......................................................... 772
19.13.3 Reading Radio Buttons and Checkboxes with JavaScript ......................... 773
19.13.4 Intercepting Buttons with JavaScript .............................................................. 775
19.13.5 Controlling the Progress Indicator with JavaScript .............. 776
19.14 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 777
20 An Introduction to Ajax 779
20.1 An Introduction to Ajax Programming ........................................................................ 779
20.1.1 A Simple Ajax Example in Execution ............................................................... 781
20.1.2 Creating the “XMLHttpRequest” Object ......................................................... 783
20.1.3 Making a Request to the Server ......................................................................... 783
20.1.4 Sending Data ............................................................................................................ 784
20.1.5 Determining the Status of the “XMLHttpRequest” Object ...................... 785
20.1.6 Processing the Response from the Server ...................................................... 787
20.1.7 The Ajax Example during Execution ................................................................ 787
20.1.8 A More Complex Ajax Example with XML and DOM ................................. 788
20.1.9 The JSON Data Format with Ajax ...................................................................... 793
20.2 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 797
The Author ........................................................................................................................................ 799
Index ................................................................................................................................................ 801
Service Pages ..................................................................................................................................... I
Legal Notes ......................................................................................................................................... II