Baloch Rafay / Балоч Рафай - Web Hacking Arsenal: A Practical Guide to Modern Web Pentesting / Арсенал веб-хакинга: Практическое руководство по современному веб-пентестингу [2025, PDF, ENG]

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Оглавление

Foreword xxi
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Author xxix
1 Introduction to Web and Browser 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Introduction to HTTP 1
1.2.1 Properties of HTTP 2
1.2.2 HTTP Communications 2
1.2.3 HTTP Response Codes 4
1.2.4 HTTP Request Methods 5
1.3 Common Vulnerabilities in HTTP Headers 6
1.3.1 User-Agent-Based Spoofing 6
1.3.2 Host Header Injection 6
1.3.3 Cross-Domain Referer Leakage 6
1.4 HTTP 2 7
1.5 Evolution of Modern Web Applications 7
1.5.1 Shift in Architecture 7
1.5.2 Evolution in Technology Stacks 8
1.5.3 LAMP Stack 8
1.5.4 MEAN/MERN Stack 8
1.5.5 Single-Page Applications (SPAs) 8
1.5.6 Use of Cloud Components 9
1.5.7 Serverless Architecture 9
1.6 Understanding Data Encoding 9
1.6.1 URL Encoding 11
1.6.2 Double Encoding 11
1.6.3 HTML Encoding 12
1.6.4 Base64 Encoding 13
1.6.5 Unicode Encoding 14
1.7 Introduction to Browsers 14
1.7.1 User Interface 15
1.7.2 Browser Engine 15
1.7.3 Rendering Engine 16
1.7.4 Networking 16
1.7.5 UI Backend 16
1.7.6 JavaScript Interpreter 16
1.7.7 Data Storage 16
1.8 Core Browser Security Policies
and Mechanisms 16
1.8.1 Same-Origin Policy 17
1.8.2 Content Security Policy 19
1.8.3 HTTP Cookies 19
1.8.4 Iframe Sandbox 25
1.8.5 Subresource Integrity Check 25
1.8.6 HTTP Strict Transport Layer
Security (HSTS) 26
1.9 Policy Exceptions versus Policy Bypasses 27
1.9.1 SOP Bypass Types 27
1.9.2 SOP Bypass—CVE-2007–0981 27
1.9.3 SOP Bypass—CVE-2011–3246 29
1.10 Site Isolation 29
1.11 Address Bar Spoofing Bugs 30
1.11.1 Address Bar Spoofing—Example 1 31
1.11.2 Address Bar Spoofing—Example 2 31
1.11.3 Bypassing Anti-Phishing Filters
Using Spoofing 33
1.12 Extra Mile 35
2 Intelligence Gathering and Enumeration 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.1.1 Enumerating ASN and IP Blocks 38
2.1.2 Reverse IP Lookup 40
2.2 Reverse IP Lookup with Multi-Threadings 41
2.2.1 Scanning for Open Ports/Services 42
2.3 Scanning Open Ports with Masscan 42
2.4 Detecting HTTP Services by Running Httpx 43
2.4.1 Scanning for Service Versions 43
2.5 Subdomain Enumeration 44
2.5.1 Active Subdomain Enumeration 45
2.6 DNSValidator 45
2.7 ShuffleDNS 46
2.8 Subbrute 47
2.9 Gobuster 48
2.9.1 Subdomain Enumeration Subdomains
From Content Security Policy 48
2.9.2 Subdomain Enumeration Using
Favicon Hashes 49
2.10 Putting It All Together 51
2.10.1 Passive Enumeration of Subdomains 52
2.10.2 Active + Passive Subdomain Enumeration
Using Amass 57
2.10.3 Data Consolidation 61
2.11 Subdomain Takeover 62
2.11.1 Automated Subdomain Takeover Using Subjack 64
2.12 Fingerprint Web Applications 64
2.12.1 Directory Fuzzing 65
2.12.2 Discovering Endpoints Using Passive
Enumeration Techniques 66
2.12.3 Enumerating Input Parameters 73
2.13 Mapping the Attack Surface Using Crawling/Spidering 75
2.13.1 Crawling Using Gospider 75
2.14 Automatic Mapping of New Attack Surface 78
2.15 Fingerprinting Web Applications 80
2.15.1 Inspecting HTTP Response Headers 81
2.15.2 Forcing Errors for Exposing Versions 81
2.15.3 Fingerprinting Using WhatWeb/Wappalyzer 81
2.15.4 Wappalyzer Browser Extensions 82
2.16 Detecting Known Vulnerabilities and Exploits 83
2.17 Vulnerability Scanning Using Nuclei 84
2.18 Cloud Enumeration 85
2.18.1 AWS S3 Buckets Enumeration 85
2.18.2 Exploiting Misconfigured AWS S3 Buckets 89
2.18.3 Exploiting Authenticated Users Group
Misconfiguration 90
2.19 Extra mile 92
3 Introduction to Server-Side Injection Attacks 93
3.1 Introduction to Server-Side Injection Attacks 93
3.2 Introduction to SQL Injection 93
3.2.1 Classification of SQL Injection 94
3.2.2 SQL Injection Techniques 94
3.2.3 SQLi Data Extraction Using
UNION-Based Technique 97
3.3 SQLMap Tip 1 107
3.3.1 SQL Injection to RCE 107
3.4 Retrieving Working Directory 109
3.4.1 Error-Based SQL Injection 110
3.4.2 Boolean SQL Injection 113
3.5 SQLMap Tip 2 117
3.5.1 Time-Based SQL Injection 117
3.5.2 SQLMap Tip 122
3.5.3 Second-Order SQL Injection 122
3.6 SQLMap Tip 3 129
3.6.1 Using Tamper Scripts in SQLMap 129
3.7 Remote Command Execution 133
3.7.1 RCE in Node.js 133
3.7.2 RCE in Flask Application 135
3.8 Server-Side Template Injections (SSTI) 137
3.8.1 Introduction About Templating Engines 137
3.8.2 Identifying Template Injections 139
3.9 Exploiting Template Injections 140
3.9.1 Example # 1 (Python, Jinja2) 141
3.9.2 Example # 2 (Python, Mako) 144
3.10 NoSQL Injection Vulnerabilities 146
3.10.1 MongoDB NoSQL Injection Exploitation 147
3.10.2 NoSQL Injection Real-World Examples 150
3.11 Extra Mile 151
4 Client-Side Injection Attacks 152
4.1 Introduction to XSS 152
4.2 Types of XSS 153
4.3 Reflected XSS 153
4.4 Understanding Context in XSS 154
4.5 XSS Polyglots 156
4.6 Bypassing HTMLSpecialChars 156
4.7 HTMLSpecialChars without Enquotes 157
4.8 Bypassing HTMLSpecialChars with Enquotes 158
4.9 Bypassing HTMLSpecialChars in SVG Context 159
4.10 Stored XSS 160
4.10.1 DOM-Based XSS 162
4.11 Sources and Sinks 163
4.12 Root Cause Analysis 166
4.13 JQuery DOM XSS 168
4.14 JQuery Example #1 169
4.15 JQuery Example #2 169
4.15.1 Client-Side Template Injections 170
4.16 XSS in AngularJS 171
4.17 XSS in ReactJS 173
4.18 XSS via File Upload 173
4.19 XSS Through SVG File 174
4.20 XSS Through MetaData 175
4.20.1 Weaponizing XSS 176
4.21 XSS to Account Takeover 176
4.22 XSS-Based Phishing Attack 178
4.23 XSS Keylogging 180
4.24 Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass 180
4.25 CSP Bypass: Example #1 Unsafe Inline 181
4.26 CSP Bypass: Example #2—Third-Party Endpoints
and “Unsafe-Eval” 182
4.27 CSP Bypass: Example #3—Data URI Allowed 183
4.28 CSP Bypass: Example #4—XSS Through JavaScript
File Upload 184
4.29 Exploiting Browser Bugs for XSS 187
4.30 SOP and Document.Domain 187
4.31 DOM Clobbering 189
4.32 ID and Name Attribute 189
4.33 Example 1: Using Anchor Tag to Overwrite
Global Variable 190
4.34 Example 2: Breaking Filters with DOM
Clobbering 192
4.35 Cookie Property Overriding 193
4.36 Breaking Github Gist Using DOM Clobbering 193
4.37 Mutation-Based XSS (mXSS) 194
4.38 MXSS Mozilla Bleach Clean Function
CVE 2020–6802 197
4.39 Behavior of Browser’s HTML Parser 198
4.40 Extra Mile 198
5 Cross-Site Request Forgery Attacks 200
5.1 Introduction to CSRF Vulnerabilities 200
5.1.1 How Does CSRF Work? 200
5.1.2 Constructing CSRF Payload 202
5.1.3 CSRF Payloads without User Interaction 204
5.1.4 Exploiting CSRF Payload in GET Requests 205
5.1.5 CSRF Payload Delivery 206
5.2 Exploiting JSON-Based CSRF 206
5.2.1 Scenario 1: Missing Content-Type
Validation and JSON Formatting 206
5.3 Scenario 2: Content-Type Is Not Validated,
But JSON Syntax Is Verified 208
5.4 Scenario 3: When Server Is Expecting
Application/JSON Content-Type Header 208
5.5 Automating CSRF POC Generation 208
5.5.1 OWASP ZAP POC Generator 209
5.5.2 CSRF POC Generator 209
5.6 Exploiting Multi-Staged CSRF 210
5.7 Exploiting Weak Anti-CSRF Defenses 214
5.7.1 CSRF Defenses—Weak/Predictable
Anti-CSRF Tokens 214
5.7.2 CSRF Bypass—Unverified CSRF Tokens 215
5.7.3 CSRF Bypass—Referer/Origin Check 216
5.7.4 Scenario 1: Application Not Properly
Validating Referer Header 217
5.7.5 Scenario 2: Weak Regex for Referer/Origin
Validation 218
5.7.6 Scenario 3: Subdomain-Based Referer Validation
Bypass 218
5.8 Scenario 4: Inconsistent Handling of Referer Headers 219
5.8.1 Circumventing CSRF Defenses via XSS 219
5.9 SameSite Cookies 222
5.9.1 SameSite Strict Bypass 223
5.9.2 SameSite Strict Bypass via Subdomains 224
5.9.3 SameSite Lax 225
5.9.4 SameSite Lax Bypass 225
5.9.5 SameSite None 226
5.10 Extra Mile 226
6 Webapp File System Attack 227
6.1 Introduction 227
6.2 Directory Traversal Attacks 227
6.3 Directory Traversal on Node.js App 229
6.4 Fuzzing Internal Files with FFUF 231
6.4.1 Directory Traversal and Arbitrary
File Creation Vulnerability 232
6.5 File Inclusion Vulnerabilities 233
6.5.1 Local File Inclusion to Remote
Code Execution 235
6.5.2 LFI to RCE via Apache Log Files 235
6.5.3 LFI to RCE via SSH Auth Log 237
6.5.4 LFI to RCE Using PHP Wrappers and Protocols 238
6.5.5 LFI to RCE via Race Condition 239
6.6 Local File Disclosure 242
6.7 File Upload Attacks 245
6.7.1 PHP Disable Functions 246
6.8 Bypassing File Upload Restrictions 249
6.8.1 Bypassing Client-Side Validation 249
6.8.2 Bypassing Blacklist-Based Filters 250
6.8.3 Apache. htaccess Override 252
6.8.4 MIME-Type Verification Bypass 253
6.8.5 Bypassing Magic Bytes 255
6.8.6 Method 1: Injecting through EXIF Data 255
6.8.7 Method 2: Raw Insertion 257
6.8.8 Vulnerabilities in Image-Parsing Libraries 257
6.9 Extra Mile 259
7 Authentication, Authorization, and SSO Attacks 260
7.1 Introduction 260
7.2 Attacks against Authentication 261
7.2.1 Username Enumeration 261
7.2.2 Username Enumeration through Timing Attack 262
7.2.3 Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks 263
7.2.4 Brute Forcing HTTP Basic Authentication 264
7.2.5 Attacking Form-Based Authentication 264
7.3 Attacking Account Lockout Policy 267
7.4 Bypassing Rate-Limiting Mechanism 268
7.4.1 Other Ways to Bypass Rate Limiting 269
7.5 Bypassing CAPTCHA 270
7.5.1 Replay Attack 271
7.6 Dynamic CAPTCHA Generation Bypass
Using OCR 276
7.7 Abusing Forgot Password Functionality 279
7.7.1 Predictable Reset Token 279
7.8 Password Reset Link Poisoning via Host
Header Injection 282
7.9 Attacking Authorization 284
7.9.1 Lack of Access Control 285
7.9.2 Insecure Direct Object References
(IDOR) 287
7.9.3 Web Parameter Tampering 289
7.9.4 Attacking JWT 292
7.10 None Algorithm 297
7.11 Attacking OAuth 2.0 299
7.11.1 OAuth Scenario 1: Stealing OAuth
Tokens via Redirect_uri 301
7.11.2 OAuth Scenario 2: Stealing Users’ OAuth
Tokens via Bypassing Redirect_uri 304
7.12 Attacking SAML 305
7.12.1 SAML Workflow 306
7.12.2 SAML Scenario 1: Response Tampering 306
7.12.3 SAML Scenario 2: Signature Exclusion
Attack 309
7.13 Attacking Multi-Factor Authentication 310
7.13.1 Multi-Factor Authentication Bypasses 311
7.13.2 MFA Bypass Scenario: OTP Bypass 311
7.14 Web Cache Deception 314
7.15 Extra Mile 315
8 Business Logic Flaws 316
8.1 Introduction 316
8.2 Business Logic Flaws 316
8.2.1 Unlimited Wallet Balance Manipulation 317
8.2.2 Transaction Duplication Vulnerability 319
8.2.3 Improper Validation Rule Resulting
in Business Logic Flaw 320
8.2.4 Exploiting Top-Up Feature to Steal
Customer Balance 321
8.2.5 Lack of Validation Leads to Unlimited
Card Limit 322
8.2.6 Unauthorized Manipulation of Cart
Items Pre-/Post-Authentication 323
8.2.7 Loan Amount Restriction Bypass 325
8.2.8 Abuse of Feature Leads to Unlimited
Wallet Balance 326
8.3 Race Condition Vulnerabilities 327
8.3.1 Race Condition Leading to Manipulation
of Votes 328
8.3.2 Creating Multiple Accounts with the Same
Details Using Race Condition 331
8.3.3 Exploiting Race Condition in Coupon Code
Feature for Duplicate Discounts 332
8.4 Extra Mile 333
9 Exploring XXE, SSRF, and Request Smuggling Techniques 335
9.1 Introduction to XML 335
9.2 XML Structure 336
9.2.1 XML DTD 336
9.2.2 External DTD 337
9.2.3 XML Entities 338
9.3 XXE (XML External Entity) 339
9.3.1 XXE Local File Read 340
9.3.2 Remote Code Execution
Using XXE 344
9.3.3 XXE JSON to XML 345
9.3.4 XXE Through File Parsing 346
9.3.5 Reading Local Files via php:// 348
9.4 Blind XXE Exploitation Using Out-of-Band
(OOB) Channels 349
9.4.1 Parameter Entities 349
9.4.2 OOB XXE via HTTP 350
9.4.3 XXE OOB Using FTP 352
9.4.4 Error-Based Blind XXE 353
9.5 Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) 353
9.5.1 SSRF Port Scan 354
9.5.2 File Read with SSRF 356
9.5.3 SSRF in PHP Thumb Application 357
9.5.4 Validation of the Vulnerability 358
9.5.5 SSRF to Remote Code Execution (RCE) 359
9.5.6 Scanning for Open Ports 359
9.5.7 Interacting with Redis and the Gopher Protocol 361
9.5.8 Chaining SSRF with Redis for File Write
to Obtain RCE 362
9.5.9 DNS Rebinding in SSRF Attacks 363
9.6 HTTP Request Smuggling/HTTP Desync Attacks 366
9.6.1 CL.TE Technique Leading to Persistent XSS 367
9.6.2 CVE-2019–20372: HTTP Request
Smuggling via Error Pages in NGINX 370
9.7 Extra Mile 372
10 Attacking Serialization 373
10.1 Introduction to Serialization 373
10.1.1 Concept of Gadget 374
10.2 Insecure Deserialization/PHP Object Injection 374
10.2.1 PHP Magic Functions 376
10.2.2 PHP Object Injection—Example 376
10.2.3 PHP Object Injection in SugarCRM 378
10.2.4 Input Parameters 379
10.2.5 Finding a Magic Function 380
10.3 Insecure Deserialization—DOT NET 383
10.3.1 Deserialization of the Base64-Encoded Payload 386
10.3.2 ASP.NET Viewstate Insecure Deserialization 386
10.3.3 MAC Validation and Encryption 387
10.3.4 Exploiting with YSOSerial 388
10.3.5 Blacklist3r 388
10.4 Decoding VIEWSTATE 388
10.5 Insecure Deserialization—Python 389
10.5.1 Serializing the Data with Pickle.Dumps 390
10.5.2 Deserializing the Bytes with Pickle.Loads 390
10.6 Insecure Deserialization—Java 395
10.6.1 Gadgets Libraries in Java 396
10.6.2 Insecure Deserialization—Example 396
10.6.3 Vulnerable Code 397
10.6.4 Verifying the Vulnerability 397
10.6.5 Generating the URLDNS Payload 397
10.6.6 Obtaining RCE Using Insecure Deserialization 398
10.6.7 Blackbox Review of Java-Based Applications 401
10.6.8 Java Framework and Libraries Indicators 402
10.7 Extra Mile 402
11 Pentesting Web Services and Cloud Services 403
11.1 Introduction 403
11.1.1 Differences between RPC and REST 404
11.1.2 Monolithic versus Distributed Architecture 404
11.2 Introduction to SOAP 405
11.2.1 Interacting with SOAP Services 406
11.2.2 Invoking Hidden Methods in SOAP 406
11.2.3 SOAP Account-Takeover Vulnerability 409
11.2.4 Remote Code Execution (RCE)
in SOAP Service 411
11.2.5 Finding Writable Directory 413
11.2.6 Uploading Shell to Achieve RCE 413
11.3 JSON-RPC Vulnerabilities 414
11.4 REST API 416
11.4.1 Request Methods 417
11.4.2 Identifying REST API Endpoints 417
11.4.3 Example 1: Excessive Data Exposure 418
11.4.4 Example 2: Sensitive Data Exposure 419
11.4.5 Example 3: Unauthorized Modification
Using Users’ Profile 420
11.5 GraphQL Vulnerabilities 420
11.5.1 Enumerating GraphQL Endpoint 422
11.5.2 GraphQL Introspection 422
11.6 Response 425
11.6.1 Information Disclosure: GraphQL Field
Suggestions 426
11.6.2 GraphQL Introspection Query for Mutation 427
11.7 Response 430
11.8 Response 431
11.9 Serverless Applications Vulnerabilities 431
11.9.1 Functions as a Service (FaaS) 432
11.10 Sensitive Information Exposure 433
11.10.1 Serverless Event Injection 434
11.10.2 Analysis of Vulnerable Code 435
11.11 Extra Mile 437
12 Attacking HTML5 438
12.1 Introduction 438
12.2 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing 438
12.2.1 Weak Access Control Using Origin Header 440
12.2.2 CORS Leading to DOM XSS Vulnerability 441
12.2.3 Exploiting OpenRedirects 443
12.3 Web Storage: An Overview 443
12.3.1 Session Storage 443
12.3.2 Local Storage 444
12.3.3 Session/Local Storage API 444
12.3.4 Security Concerns with Web Storage
in HTML5 445
12.3.5 Session Hijacking 445
12.3.6 Second-Order DOM XSS Using
Local Storage 445
12.4 IndexedDB Vulnerabilities 447
12.4.1 Scenario—A Notes Application 448
12.5 Web Messaging Attacks Scenarios 451
12.5.1 Sender’s Window 451
12.5.2 Receiver’s Window 452
12.5.3 Security Concerns 452
12.5.4 Not Validating Origin in PostMessage API 452
12.5.5 DOM XSS in PostMessage API 453
12.6 WebWorkers Vulnerabilities 456
12.6.1 Interacting with WebWorker 456
12.6.2 WebWorker DOM XSS 457
12.6.3 Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using
WebWorkers 458
12.6.4 Distributed Password Cracking Using
WebWorker 460
12.7 WebSockets 461
12.7.1 WebSocket DOM XSS 462
12.7.2 Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWH) 463
12.7.3 WebSocket and Unencrypted Connections 466
12.8 UI Redressing Attacks 466
12.9 Extra Mile 471
13 Evading Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) 472
13.1 Introduction to WAF 472
13.1.1 WAF Detection Methods 472
13.1.2 Regular Expressions 473
13.1.3 Bayesian Analysis 473
13.1.4 Machine Learning 473
13.1.5 Understanding WAF Security Models:
Whitelisting and Blacklisting 473
13.1.6 Whitelisting-Based Models 473
13.1.7 Blacklisting-Based Models 474
13.1.8 Fingerprinting WAF 475
13.1.9 Cookie Values 476
13.1.10 Citrix Netscaler 476
13.1.11 F5 Big IP ASM 476
13.1.12 Barracuda WAF 477
13.1.13 HTTP Response Codes 477
13.1.14 ModSecurity 477
13.1.15 Sucuri WAF 478
13.1.16 CloudFlare WAF 478
13.1.17 Connection Close 479
13.2 Bypass WAF—Methodology Exemplified at XSS 480
13.2.1 Injecting Harmless HTML 480
13.2.2 Considerations 480
13.2.3 Injecting Script Tag 480
13.2.4 Testing with Attributes and Corresponding Tags 481
13.2.5 Testing with src Attribute 481
13.2.6 Testing with Srcdoc Attribute 482
13.2.7 Testing with Action Attribute 482
13.3 Testing with Formaction Attribute 482
13.3.1 Testing with Data Attribute 483
13.3.2 Testing with href Attribute 483
13.3.3 Testing with Pseudo-Protocols 484
13.3.4 Using HTML Character Entities for Evasion 487
13.3.5 Injecting Event Handlers 488
13.3.6 Injecting a Fictitious Event Handler 489
13.3.7 Injecting Lesser-Known Event Handlers 489
13.3.8 Injecting Location Object 490
13.3.9 Bypass Using Unicode Separators 491
13.3.10 Using SVG-Based Vectors 493
13.3.11 Bypassing WAF’s Blocking Parenthesis 493
13.3.12 Bypassing Keyword-Based Filters 493
13.3.13 Character Escapes 494
13.3.14 Constructing Strings in JavaScript 494
13.3.15 Accessing Properties through Syntactic Notation 495
13.3.16 Bypassing Keyword-Based Filters Using
Non-Alphanumeric JS 496
13.3.17 Alternative Execution Sinks 496
13.3.18 Bypassing WAF’s Decoding Entities 498
13.3.19 Case Study: Laravel XSS Filter Bypass 498
13.3.20 Bypassing Recursive Filters through
Tag Nesting 500
13.3.21 Bypassing Filters with Case Sensitivity 500
13.3.22 Bypassing Improper Input Escaping 501
13.3.23 Bypassing Using DOM XSS 503
13.3.24 Example for Disallowed Keywords 504
13.3.25 Using Window.Name Property 504
13.4 Setting the Name Property 505
13.5 Example 1: Using the Iframe Tag 505
13.6 Example 2: Window.open Function 505
13.7 Example 3: Anchor Tag 506
13.7.1 Bypassing Blacklisted “Location” Keyword 506
13.7.2 Variations Using Different Browser Properties 507
13.7.3 Bypassing WAF Using HPP 507
13.8 Example with XSS 507
13.9 Example with SQL Injection 508
13.10 Extra Mile 508
14 Report Writing 509
14.1 Introduction 509
14.2 Reporting Audience 509
14.3 Executive Summary 510
14.3.1 Structure of an Executive Summary 510
14.3.2 Executive Summary Fail 512
14.3.3 Recommendations Report 513
14.4 Findings Summary 513
14.4.1 Overall Strengths 514
14.4.2 Overall Weaknesses 515
14.5 Historical Comparison 515
14.6 Narrative of the Report 516
14.7 Risk Assessment 516
14.7.1 CVSS Scoring 517
14.7.2 Limitations of CVSS 519
14.8 Risk Matrix 519
14.8.1 Risk Assessment and Reporting 520
14.9 Methodology 520
14.10 Technical Report 520
14.11 Organizing the Report 524
14.12 Report Writing Tools 525
14.12.1 ChatGPT for Report Writing 525
14.12.2 Prompt 1 525
14.12.3 Prompt 2 526
14.12.4 Prompt 3 527
14.12.5 Prompt 4 528
14.13 Report Writing Tips 529
14.14 Extra Mile 530
Index 531